Design and Implementation of Brain Surgery Bipolar Electrocautery Simulator Using Haptic Technology

Surgical simulators have been widely used in training and evaluation of physicians and surgeons. Virtual reality augmented with haptic technology has made it feasible to develop more realistic surgical simulators. In this work, we design and develop a brain surgery bipolar electrocautery simulator using haptic technology. A 3D model of brain tissue and bipolar forceps was developed for realistic interaction. An experiment with volunteers demonstrates learning effects and error reduction, with gamers showing statistically significant improvements in performance. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering